16. Write a short note on the states reorganisation of independent India.
OR
Explain how Raja Rammohan Roy tried to modernize Indian society.
Answer.
States reorganisation of independent India.
There were demands from different parts of India for the formation of states on the basis of language. In 1920 the Nagpur session of the Indian National Congress resolved to form its state committees on the basis of language. After independence, people agitated for the formation of states along linguistic lines. Potti Sriramalu, a freedom fighter, started satyagraha for the formation of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu-speaking people. After 58 days of fasting, his martyrdom and it intensified the mass agitation.
Following this, in 1953, the Government of India formed the state of Andhra Pradesh for Telugu speaking people. After this, the demand for linguistic states intensified. The Government of India formed a Commission to reorganise Indian states on the basis of languages, with Fazl Ali as Chairman and H.N.Kunzru and K.M.Panikkar, a Keralite, as members. As per the recommendations of the Commission, the Parliament passed the States Reorganisation Act in 1956. Thus, 14 states and 6 union territories came into effect. Afterwards, new states were formed in various phases. Now, India has 28 states and 9 union territories.
How Raja Rammohan Roy tried to modernize Indian society
Raja Rammohun Roy was the pioneer among the social reformers who strived for the modernisation of Indian society. He opposed caste system and 'Sati', social evils prevailed in the Indian society
and established the Brahma Samaj in Bengal. He propagated the idea of a unified Indian society in the place of a society fragmented over caste lines. This idea prompted patriotism among the people. Thus, the concept of a unified nation became one of the objectives of social reform. To improve the
status of women, he advocated for the right of women to own property.
17. What is Standard time ? Explain how Indian Standard time is determined ?
OR
How are Cyclones formed ? Differentiate between the Cyclones in Northern and Southern hemispheres.
Answer
How Indian Standard time is determined
Each country in the world considers the longitude that passes almost through its middle as the standard meridian. The countries with large longitudinal extent estimates more than one local time by considering more than one standard meridian. The local time at the standard meridian is the standard time of that country. The longitudinal extent of India is from 68°E to 97°E. The 821⁄2°E longitude which passes almost through the middle of these longitudes has been fixed as the standard meridian of India. The local time along this longitude is generally considered as the Standard Time of India. This is known as the Indian Standard Time.
How are Cyclones formed
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Formation
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Cyclones are caused by the formation of low atmospheric pressure at
the centre surrounded by high pressure regions.
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Northern hemisphere
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This is due to Coriolis effect winds flow in the anti-clock wise
direction.
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Southern hemisphere
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Clockwise direction.
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18. Who founded the University of Viswa Bharati ? What were its peculiarities ?
OR
Identify any three Iron and Steel industries founded in India with the assistance of foreign countries.
Answer
University of Viswa Bharati and its peculiarities
Rabindranath Tagore founded the University of Viswa Bharati . It is in Bengal focused on universal brotherhood. With this university, Tagore aimed at a system of education that would bridge western and eastern cultures.
Iron and Steel industries founded in India with the assistance of foreign countries
Rourkela - Germany
Bhilai - Soviet Union
Durgapur - Britain
19. Territory is an important factor in the formation of a state substantiate the statement.
OR
Explain the role of morality in fostering civic
Answer
Territory factor in the formation of a state
A state should have an exact territory with clearcut boundary. The state is formed when the people settle permanently in a particular territory. The state should have complete control over its territory. The land area, water bodies, coastal area, aerial space etc. within the boundaries are part of the territory. The territorial size does not matter in the formation of a state.
Role of morality in fostering civic
Morality means the ability to recognize virtues from vices, accept virtues and to perform duties with utmost responsibility. It is the moral responsibility of each individual to perform the duty towards
the society and the state. Morality helps civic consciousness, whereas immorality destroys it. Creation of moral consciousness in all walks of life is the most effective way to foster civic consciousness. Civic consciousness is a creative state of mind.
20. Explain why the population studies are conducted.
OR
Explain the various circumstances where the consumers are exploited or cheated.
Answer
Population studies
- Population studies help the government to quantitatively assess the different needs of the people and to plan activities and programmes accordingly.
- Informs the availability of human resource in a country.
- Depicts the extent of basic facilities required by the people.
- Quantifies the goods and services required.
- Determines the socio - economic development policies.
Circumstances where the consumers are exploited
- Selling low quality products
- Adulteration
- Charging excess price
- Manipulation in weights and measures
- Delay in making services available
- False claims
- Sub standard products
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